Mass Media Concepts - 1359 Words

MASS MEDIA AND SOCIETY (2) The concept of ‘mass’ The ideas of ‘mass society’ date from the 1940s but before that time, since the19th century, there have been different ideas of what ‘mass’ means. One use of the term ‘mass’ was negative to refer to the mass of people or the ‘common people’ – who were seen as uneducated, ignorant, unruly or violent. ‘Mass’ could also be used in a positive sense as in ‘mass movement’ – such as trade unionism, socialism, or working class solidarity against the forces of oppression. Terms such as ‘mass support’ or ‘mass action’ are other examples. Another way of looking at ‘mass’ is to look beyond just a ‘large number’ of people to see if the group are acting collectively, or rationally, or†¦show more content†¦Society is seen as being made up of linked working parts (subsystems), of which the mass media are one, each making an essential contribution to continuity and order. Society needs the continued maintenance of an accurate, consistent, supportive, and complete picture of the working of society and the social environment. It is by responding to the needs of individuals and society’s institutions in consistent ways that the media achieve unintended benefits for society as a whole. The social functions of media The main functions of communication in society are: Information About events and conditions in society and the world Indicating relations of power Facilitating innovation, adaptation and progress Correlation Explaining, interpreting and commenting on the meaning of events and information Providing support for established authority and norms Socializing Coordinating separate activities Consensus building Continuity Expressing the dominant culture and recognising subcultures and new cultural developments Forging and maintaining common values. Entertainment Providing amusement, diversion and the means of relaxation Reducing social tension Mobilization Campaigning for social objectives in politics, war, economic development and sometimes religion These ‘function’ of society (above) are not ranked in any order and the relationshipShow MoreRelatedMass Media Influence On People s Ideas About Society936 Words   |  4 PagesJamilah Alfadhli ENG 110-01 November 13, 2015 Mass Media Influence in Shaping People’s Ideas about Society The most important goal for mass media is to make high revenues. To make this goal real and earn that money mass media maker or producer put effective working plans. These effective plans could be in all different kinds of any mass media. There are several effects of made mass media planning before it broadcasting a message to improve it economic. 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The media representation of the thin idealRead MoreStanley Cohens Concept of a Moral Panic1692 Words   |  7 Pagesof both groups as well as the role of mass media in raising the conflict between them. The main goal of the current study is to speak about the concept of â€Å"moral panic† which was introduced by Stanley Cohen in his studies. The paper will also focus on the conflict between the Mods and Rockers which occurred at the early 1960’s in Great Britain. Stanley Cohen’s Concept of a Moral Panic As it has been stated above it was Stanley Cohen who brought the concept of moral panic in the common usage. BeforeRead MoreMedia and Mass Communications Development on a Healthy Mature Culture1200 Words   |  5 PagesMedia and Mass Communications development on a Healthy Mature Culture This argumentative essay is specially made to discuss the possibility for media and mass communication to nurture the development of a healthy, mature culture. Overall, the process of media and mass communication media development has already caused changes in the public sphere. The digitalization of media dramatically increases the chances of the people to get an access to the information, which is transferredRead MoreDefinition of Mass Media1699 Words   |  7 PagesThe Mass Media Defining the Mass Media Defining the Mass Media The focus of this opening section is an examination of different explanations of the relationship between ownership and control of the mass media and, in order to do this, we need to begin by thinking about how the mass media can be defined. Breaking down the concept of a ‘mass media’ into its constituent parts... A medium is a ‘channel of communication’ - a means through which people send and receive information. The printed wordRead MoreThe Political Economy And Cultural Studies Theories1429 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Mass media plays an important role in the society by providing entertainment, information and acting as the government’s overseer. Several scholars have developed philosophies that help people understand how mass media fulfills its roles in the society. For example, Horkheimer and Adorno have constructed theories that explain the functions and impacts of mass media in the society across the globe (Mosco, 2008). The central theme in all mass communication models entails the meaning of media contentsRead MoreThe Field Of Sociology Is An Old But Ever Changing Systematic Study Of Human Behavior1579 Words   |  7 Pagesa significant mass media issue of which continues to grow. It is not only apparent in its raw form as pornography on the internet but also in various social media feeds, in advertising , discussed in the press, and as a part of some forms of entertainment. 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The Effect of News Teasers in Processing News on Television Free Essays

Past researches on cognitive effects of news teasers[1] (or news previews) were mainly focused on the viewer attention and memory performance (e. g. Scheuder White, 1989; Cameron, Shleuder, Thorson, 1991; Schleduder, White Camerson, 1993), but little research has been conducted to examine the effects of the by-product of newscasts-news teasers. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effect of News Teasers in Processing News on Television or any similar topic only for you Order Now Chang’s paper aimed at filling the gap between previous researches by exploring the role of news teasers in processing television news and examining the effectiveness of different news teasers in improving information retention and comprehension. Chang found that the presence of a news teaser in the preceding TV program enhanced viewer’s recall and comprehension of the news story teased. Additionally, the presence of a program reference in the news teaser demonstrated a significant impact on viewer’s comprehension of the news whilst presentation format of the news teaser did not have any effect. According to the priming effect and schema theory, priming is a natural process of the spreading activating particular connections in memory (Berkowitz Rogers, 1986) and it is used to explain the effects of news previews on viewer’s attention and memory status (Schleuder, White, Cameron, 1993). In addition, Schemata are mental structures that people use to organize their knowledge, make sense of an event and provide a framework for future understanding. With the use of a program reference in a news teaser will not only enhance spreading activation process, but serve a cue emphasizing the connection between program and upcoming news story. Therefore, Chang’s study contended and showed that program-referred teasers have stronger priming effects on viewer’s recall and comprehension. Chang’s findings are particular useful in amplifying the agenda setting effect by leveraging on the relationship between preceding program, news teasers and the following news feature. Common examples of such application include but not limited to socio-educational messages such as safe sex, safe driving, and campaigns against drugs, smoking and driving after alcohol consumption. A situational drama can first mention how drug taking ruined the life of a fictional character, following by a news teaser in the commercial break extracting remarkable scenes from the upcoming news program, then the news feature itself. The interaction between the three elements within such a short period of time not only could reinforce the message to be conveyed, but also deepened viewer’s impression on the issue. The most severe weakness of Chang’s study is that it employed a simulated newscast and news teasers instead of naturally occurring ones. Besides, the external validity of Chang’s research is weak given the TV viewing session was conducted in a laboratory setting with all participants being students. Despite the above limitations, Chang’s study does provide new insights for practitioners to adopt in improving audience flow in broadcasting. How to cite The Effect of News Teasers in Processing News on Television, Essay examples

Malaysian Automotive Industry Analysis Essay Example For Students

Malaysian Automotive Industry Analysis Essay Proton Company Which makes Malaysia to be the tactics centre Of automobile industry in the area of Southeast Asia. Proton plays a vital role on automobile industry development inception. In this Mite up, the author Will investigate how proton automobile industry came to been and how the automotive industry in question became the cynosure in the African region most especially South African and Nigerian market. As according to market watch (201 1), it is only the coming up of integrated automotive industry will reduce the countrys over reliance on the agricultural sector (spare-mart. 2012). The rationale of this research is to study the importance of the Malaysian automobile export of spare parts to Nigerian market which if to be considered by its diversity, consumer preferences, and competitiveness in relation to South Korea automobiles brands and spare arts export market (MIDAIR 2009), The spare parts that this research work will focus more into the importation of the Malaysian automotive components and parts primarily within low-tech products like bumpers, steering wheels, wheels exhausts, rims, brake pads, bodies, shock absorbers, engine seat, compressors, radiators etc (proponents, 201 2), Keywords: Malaysian, Spare parts, Imports- Exports, Nigeria, Consumer Preferences. (source: proponents, 2012) Problem or Issue Identified. K Lack of proper background study between the exporting and importing countries. Example, not knowing much about customers as well as the value Of renounce that required the need of preliminary investigation about the two markets. * Most busin ess collapse was as a result Of cost effective Which companies over spends together with inflationary rate. * Lack of mutual understanding between countrys businesses due to varying policies. 1. 2 Importance. In this write up, the author tried his utmost best the pinpoint the significance of this report as can be seen below; 1. This business research will enable the export of proton spare parts to Nigerian market as there is a demand of it. As Malaysian automotive was getting attention nowadays. 2. The research will as ell cerebrate opportunities to both the import and export countries. 3. To also investigate why the proton spare parts export was going down even during the economic year 1. 3 Protons Logo (Proton, 2012) I proton parts Organizational Chart, (source: proton parts, 201 2) (Source: provenders, 2011) 2. 0 Research Questions. By earlier mentioning the stated problems above. The following research questions were listed down by the author: RSI What is the influence of parts shortage on Malaysian automotive export parts to Nigeria? ARQ_ What type Of automotive part is needed the most in Nigeria? ARQ. What policy should the two countries be laid on export trading? ARQ. HOW can logistics affect the exports trading in Nigerian automobile market? ARQ. At what cost or price should the product be reaching the consumer nation? 3. 0 Research Objectives and Framework. The broad objectives of this study are to examine the Malaysian automotive export of its spare parts to Nigeria and they will be serve as the elements to build the research model to find out how the variable relate. Thus the specific objectives are: 1. Parts shortage 2. Trade policy 3. Product needs (Market demand) 4. Cost effectiveness S. Logistics Mores, the research objectives are; ROI. To analyses the effects of parts shortage on the Nigerian market. ROR, To help explore how the automobile industries operate in both countries ROR. To state the inflationary figures through cost effectiveness of both countries. ROR. Help identity the logistics of the Malaysian automotive spare parts export industry to Nigeria. 3. 1 Research Model The designed model will illustrate how the dependent variable relies on the independent variables. The theoretical framework based on the studied factors can be viewed at the figure below. Independent Variables Dependent Variable Parts Shortage Parts Shortage Trade Policy Malaysias Automobile export Product Needs (Market Demand) Cost Effective Logistics 4. Literature Review: export of its spare parts to Nigeria for a broader understanding of the subject matter as they are will be elaborated further in below discussion after been listed the Objectives. Thus the specific objectives are: I _ Parts shortage 5. Logistics There also, the above obj ectives can be elaborated in following format as; 1. Parts Shortage: This is the greatest reason why most vehicle owner in Nigeria do to want to go for the Malaysian automobile because of the greater market share that some multinational automaker companies already has in the country. It is not long ago that Malaysian automobile was introduced into the country Nigeria. So many people were not very well familiar with the brand and the literature relating to development of automotive export of spare parts business to Nigerian market focused on service strategies (Gabbier, 2008). There is also branding or brand image, and brand identity plays as well a vital role in this aspect of marketing so as investment in which the Nigerian scared of losing their life paving to invest in Malaysian automotive brands, To cut it short, the reason why Malaysian automobile spare parts were short in the Nigerian market today was according to thorough research by the author was due to three reasons One is brand image and identity. Second is Investment. Third, product quality as well as the Nigerian poor state of roads connection. The below image, are the proton type products already available in the Nigerian market One can there also according to these made mention little are What contributed to the shortage of automobile spare parts in a country like Nigeria. Why this was said is that, the author research on the Malaysian automotive success and as well checking on its foreign success in one of the Africans leader when it comes to importing the countrys automotive products which is South Africa. The South Africa as a nation is the leader amongst the entire African continent and favors more of the Malaysian automobiles than any other country in the region or continent. Below image is the product sample that the Nigerian market needs in order to create more room for the Malaysian automobile industry to the Nigerian market. (tech, 2010) Proton in this aspect has set itself to venture in the Nigerian automotive market in order to compete with some other multinational automotive companies like Toyota, Honda, Peugeot, General Motors (GYM), Immunities, Ford, Renault, Hounded, Volkswagen amongst many other global automakers to help to the world in ease of transport. Branding is what most buyers if not all first think and go for when obtaining a particular product need arises So, this branding touches and intersects with all forms of businesses, be it operational, sales, marketing etc. However, conveying an image that is in sync with a viable brand strategy an not only help even the tiniest of companies but can be a major driver of its success. What branding sends to customers was to convey a unique value, increase brand recall and there also evolve With the companys culture. The company in question was recently trying to create its branding in the country Nigeria. So, it Will take a While to create a strong brand Within the Nigerian automotive market that is why most spare parts were scarce in the country but thanks to major events that took place in Malaysia. One was its sound educational system and the second was the image it created itself in world racket. For instance, the South African automobile market which these will enormously help in sustaining more customers. American Women Liberation EssayThe widely been used definition is the one by Council of Logistics Management which quoted as: Logistics is the process of planning implementing and controlling the efficient, effective flow and storage of raw material, in-process inventory, finished goods or services as well as related information from point of origin to point of consumption for the purpose of conforming to consumer requirements% In this study of Malaysian automobile export of spare parts to Nigeria can be one through contract logistics, which is a contractual agreement to provide logistics service to Nigerian customers in term of this study (Spare parts exports to Nigeria). So, normally in this type of contract agreement (term), any services lured and consideration most be defined within the agreed parties of Nigeria and Malaysia Which there can also be done after making every necessary agreement through sea method of transportation which inexpensive by the time the components Will be arriving the imported country. (presentational. 2012) Table 1: Vehicle production in Malaysia indices Source: Malaysia Automotive Association, 2012) 5. 0 Research Methodology And Design First thing first. Will like to briefly define what is mean by research, research methodology and then the design for a broader understanding of the topic discussion. As according to Sahara (2012) which he sees research as a voyage: A journey; An attitude; Also a method of critical thinking; A careful enquiry in seeking facts for principles. There also he as well defined research methodology; Research methodology refers to the technique, procedure and measures that have been adopted to study a particular population, tools, research instrument estimate. (Thomas, 2003). As the science of studying how a particular research is been conducted scientifically. A methodology that helps to understand not only the products Of scientific inquiry but the process of data collection itself. (Sahara, 2012). There also, in order to research a methodology, there are numerous types and approaches which can be implemented for a better outcome depending on the nature or type of the research purpose. 5. Concept In using concept of research the area of interest is first to be considered make it a focal point which will then be elaborated in detail After the topic has been cited, the next concept step is to come up with a research question (ARQ), In the process of research, it normally begins with the activity of reaching a clear statement rel ated to the research question, The research questions is then known to be a statement of what the researcher have attained through learning and studying which will he completed at the end of the research, gay revising the research questions, it is known to be a good practice which will make sure that the writer or the one who authored the article or journal is clear on what he/she or they intends to know. 5. 2 Research Types. Basically, Research Methodology could further be classified into two types which are Qualitative and Quantitative Methods as per as this particular given research assignment is concern. Qualitative methods mostly deals with description of facts, problems and issues while quantitative method deals with gathered numerical data. In short, these Research Methodologies will be explained in detail as below (Crewel, 2006). 1. Descriptive Quantitative Research: This type Of a research helps measure things as they are be it through frequency or average description. Exam ple, how many people are participating in his program? 2. Descriptive Qualitative Research: Which have a detailed description of a particular situation(s) with the aid of using observations, document sampling or review, and interview. In this case the author Will describe things as they are. Example, peoples perception, or how do people implement this program? 5. 3 Research Design: The researcher in his utmost best stood well in order to make the research result up to standard followed a duly preceding through actual data collection and many reviews in relation to the topic was conducted to study contributions room other researchers to Malaysian export automotive spare parts to Nigeria. In this research design type, qualitative design was employed in order to make it more meaningful. Thomas and Corbett (2003), differentiate qualitative and quantitative research type as; As a qualitative study, the activities of collecting and analyzing data, then developing it and amend possible theories thereby elaborating or refocusing a particular research question, and identifying and dealing with validity. Furthermore, the researcher may need also to modify or reconsider some design session during the study in response to development or changes in some many other respect of the design. (Thomas and Corbett, 2003). 5. 4 Data Gathering Method Many sound quality researchers mainly concerned With validity rather that What is known as factual predictions of their communication in order to decrease the likelihood Of misinterpretation, through procedures Which may have include data redundancy collection as well as procedural challenges in their explanation to the particular study they make or about to be conducted. There are Of course various other data gathering in qualitative research methods which amongst ere: interview, summation focus group, document review, observation as well as critical reports in incident. But, in here of this particular research, the document review is the one type used for this research wince various literature reviews were the only method referred in order to come up with such amazing research on this particular chosen topic (Dentin, Lincoln, 2005). And one can define document review as a research method that requires the researchers with in-depth learning process, so as to enable a critical text editor, such as media reports, diaries, journals, articles or blobs. The researcher should explain the method used and readers should feel at home that the method involved a critical approach. Importantly, the whole entire of this research was conducted through websites as well as journals and articles (Dentin : Lincoln, 2005). 6. 0 Ethical Consideration In this given research conducted so far there is no harmful effect carried out or stated through the entire piece of the research finding an was in a compliance with both state as well as a federal law from both exporting country (Malaysia) and the importing country (Nigeria). Furthermore, this founding can be printed, edited for revise, redistributed or viewed by others most especially the automotive industries in the country as well as foreign investors alike. But, as this case is concern, the founding was solely been used for academic purpose.

Yojimbo the Japanese amidst Western World and Archetypes Essay Example

Yojimbo: the Japanese amidst Western World and Archetypes Essay Yojimbo is a 1961 Japanese sword-fight film by Akira Kurosawa, featuring Toshiro Mifune as the nameless protagonist. The plot revolves around a ronin (wandering or master less samurai) who gets into a small town. He finds out that the place is being ruled by two gambling warlords, Seibei and Usitora, and he sees this as an opportunity to make some money. First, he hires himself as a yojimbo or bodyguard to both crime lords, and then proceeds to making the two crime gangs face off in a series of bloody skirmishes. He employed manipulative tricks in order to let the two gangs kill each other to annihilation. In the end, he engages in a very bloody battle between the two crimes syndicates, leaving the town in peace as the two gangs are finally depleted. He, in turn, acquires a good deal of money from his conspiracies.This paper will analyze how the film Yojimbo is heavily influenced by Western standards, and how the film portrays a rather distorted view of the Japanese culture and histo ry, with a leaning towards the Western bias and audience.The film’s formal aspectsSet/CostumeKurosawa made a good job in making his set rather realistic and dramatic. The samurai costumes employed are believable and credible and the cast are not overly costumed. Kurosawa depicted a small, dusty Japanese village, and by historical standards, it is accurate and not romanticized.LightingKurosawa employed many Western lighting techniques, such as the occasional emphasis on movement and details. Generally speaking, the film is lighted by natural, bright light that gives it a rather cool ambience. Night scenes, on the other hand, are not given too much lighting in order to accurately depict the Japanese era during that time.SpaceOne rather obvious aspect that makes the film Western-influenced is its use of the wide-lens shots, emphasizing the diminutive, solitary, but purposely heroic nature of the protagonist. This is a direct salutation to the Western man-with-no-name concept, in which a sole wandering character is depicted as the ‘only heroic soul’ in a desolated or corrupted place that he/she will ‘clean up’ by him/herself (Of course, the main character is often depicted as a man, as in Dashielle Hammett’s Red Harvest and Kurosawa’s Sanjuro).Another noticeable camera effect that was employed was the utilization of slow motion and fast-forward effects. For instance, there was a scene where the protagonist is looking at a tree while being asked for his name. The shot was slow-motioned in order to emphasize the calmness of the mulberry tree. From then on, some of his graceful killing moves are also slow-motioned in order to achieve this same effect and to highlight the point that he is, in fact, the calm and solitary mulberry tree that was shot in earlier sequences.   Creative sequences were also employed, as in the scene wherein the character throws a knife to pin a fluttering leaf to the ground. This seemingly nons ense shot (as it has no direct relation to the plot) abounds throughout the film and its only purpose is to highlight the character of the protagonist in symbolic terms.Another salutation was made to the cowboy-themed (Wild Wild West) films, which gives us a hint how the said concept was transplanted in the Japanese context. The sequence wherein the protagonist faces a group of crime goons in a face-off shot (there is a blank space between the protagonist and his enemies) is very reminiscent of the Marlboro films in the West. The spinning dusts and the sound of the wind complete the scene, making a dramatic effect. Moreover, the group of bandits was also depicted as bloodthirsty, dirty and badly-dressed hoodlums, while the protagonist was depicted as the tough-faced, cool Marlboro guy with the heartless look. This archetypal fight scene is very Western-inspired.Although it was not that prominent all throughout the film, Yojimbo exhibits certain special elements of American film noir . The taverns were the crime lords dwell are depicted as dark and decadent in ambience. Nonetheless, the setting stills appear to be more Japanese than American underground.ActingMifune has done a great job in depicting his cool character, his complex characterization ranging from a melancholic solitary man to a raging but intuitive killing machine. However, Kurosawa appears to have taken his characters into boxed Western roles. For instance, the crime lords and goons in the film appear to be direct rip-offs from the gambling lords in Hammett’s The Glass Key, leaving no room for Japanese characterization. There is also a scene wherein the protagonist was tortured. The dramatic scene is almost taken similarly—shot-by-shot—also in the said Hammet film. The acting of the cast in the film is, therefore, patterned. In this case, Kurosawa had certain shortcoming in credibility and cultural accuracy.The fight scenes in the film are numerous and oftentimes gory. In this case, Kurosawa again employed Western techniques in portraying the gory deaths of the protagonist’s enemies. Moreover, the concept of a protagonist facing an unbelievably large number of enemies without acquiring even a scratch is also a Wild Wild Wild West thing. The goons are also very weak and vulnerable, and most of the time their acting is apparently second-rate, almost as if they are pushing themselves to the blade of the protagonist’s sword. Of course, this is again to highlight the strength and epic heroism of the main character, but in this aspect, the fight scene appears mechanical and very unbelievable.Kurosawa and his Western influenceI have been mentioning for quite some time how the film is apparently inspired by many Western concepts, elements and filmmaking techniques. The possibility of Kurozawa copying certain scenes and influence from Western films such as Hammett’s The Glass Key and Red Harvest was also mentioned.I believe that there is noth ing wrong with the incorporation of these Western techniques into a Japanese setting, as doing so is like denying the progress of technology. However, one consequence that Kurosawa committed in doing so is that he neglected other factors of Japanese culture (and even his own creative identity) in favor of the Western techniques. In order to gain a Western audience or, more likely, to gain Western acceptance, he transplanted certain Western archetypes and elements into a Japanese context, thereby creating a ‘Western film in a Japanese setting’ ,made by a Japanese (Richie 2005 p.132). This claim is, of course, not to condemn Kurosawa’s creativity and contribution to the international film industry but rather to highlight how Western standards are becoming ‘The Standard’. This kind of point of view (viewing Western standards as the prime and superior standard) is detrimental to other films, as it forces the films from other countries to conform to the A merican standards and put their own cultural and creative identity in an inferior position.Hence, although the film Yojimbo claims to depict the dark side of life in Japan during the claimed era, it fails in terms of credibility, primarily because the characters and even the situations it claimed to portray as ripped-off from the Western context, and the Japanese setting is the one that was distorted and situated. (This is of course not to say the crime lords and goons are not present in the said Japanese era. The presence of these kinds of people is historically true, and so is to other films from other countries that feature these kinds of social situations). However, the point is not the idea of crime but the depiction of characters and even the archetypal Japanese people themselves.Yojimbo as a portrait of cultural and social deteriorationIt is obvious that Kurosawa wished to depict a picture of the Japan during that time, especially as he included many scenes that tell us how t he Japanese society during that time is on the verge of a moral collapse and how the consciousness and culture of the people are being molded and transformed by the rise of capitalism.For instance, there is a scene wherein a farmer’s son decided to go to the city to look for fortune. The son said that a short exciting life rather than a long life eating rice-gruel†, justifying his act. The scene gives us a picture of how the young Japanese during that time are longing for ‘excitement’ and ‘fun’, two things that are not present in the strict Japanese culture where one eats rice-gruel everyday. This kind of thinking is an influence of the individualistic (and often ‘decadent’) point of view, as traditionalists put it. The need for cheap and fast thrills, in contrast to the traditional and strict Japanese was also put side by side in the same scene wherein the farmer replies to his son: everyone is after easy money these days. The fil m highlighted this contradiction, as even the main theme of the film revolves around this contradiction. The presence of bandits and crime lords in the Japanese culture is not a product of an innate human desire to kill or steal, but a product of the human desire to enlarge his/her property.This fact was highlighted by the film, as it portrayed the crime lords as greedy individuals who are in constant strife and chaos in order to stabilize their power in the society. The film resolves this contradiction in the end, as the protagonist faces the son and tells him that a long life eating rice-gruel is the best (da Silva 2004). This implies that the better life is the peaceful, the stable and, to put it further, the traditional. This tells us how the film rejects the adventurist and chaotic lifestyle that capitalism endows for those who have the financial power. It also tells how the money gives us the illusion that ‘the grass is greener on the other side of the fence’, as it means the rejection of one’s cultural identity and even one’s own identity in the process. The symbol of ‘rice-gruel’ brings in the symbol of the traditional agricultural lifestyle of the Japanese, of how they are directly connected to land and rejecting it will be like rejecting one’s inherent culture and identity (Richie 2006 p.75). In the film, people such as the farmer’s son chose to live this lifestyle in exchange of the illusionist promise of wealth and adventure in the city.The critique may appear plausible until we see how the film commits the same crimes that it preaches as bad. It is because the film itself is a foreign cultural product. Although the film may be enlightening and true, the archetype and elements that it employed is not necessarily reflective. It is leaned towards a foreign bias, and in this sense, it would be a complete destruction of its credibility.The film utilized these elements in order to gain acceptance in the Western film-making circle. One may question why a film needs to be accepted by Western standards. Directly speaking, the primary reason is to gain profit, which is of course in turn the primary reason of mainstream filmmaking. Hence, the film is also geared towards profit, and it rejected the use of authentic Japanese elements in order to gain these profits (not necessarily in the form of money). The film, therefore, is like the farmer’s son who rejected rice-gruel in exchange of money and adventure that he can gain in the city.ConclusionIn formal terms, the film is good and is acceptable. The different filmmaking elements are given creative attention, and the film was generally executed finely. However, one apparent characteristic of the film is that it utilized (and even ripped-off) certain elements, characters and concepts from Western films. Hence, it highlights how the film is heavily influenced by Western filmmaking canons and techniques.The content of the film is also commendable, as it served as a critique of the Japanese cultural deterioration during the said era, and this deterioration is indeed a universal phenomenon that transcends the eras and even to other countries. However, the film also committed this error as the film in itself is a product of Western influence, and it is apparently geared towards Western acceptance and profit. Hence, although the concept is commendable, the film in itself cannot be considerable credible picture of the Japanese society.Referencesda Silva, Joaquà ­n. Yojimbo: Study of a Disintegrating Society. http://redsiglo21.com/eiga9/articulos/yojimbo.html January 24 2004. Web. Accessed 12 May 2010.Richie, Donald, The Films of Akira Kurosawa, University of California Press, 1996. Print.Richie, Donald. A Hundred Years of Japanese Film: A Concise History. Kodansha International, 2005. Print.

Cisco Stock Pitch Essay

Cisco Stock Pitch Essay Cisco Stock Pitch Essay ISBE Principle Investments Group Cisco Systems Investment Research Presentation Nan Lin Introduction: ï  ® Cisco is worldwide leader in datanetworking equipment and software ï  ® ï  ® Current Revenue: $39.5 billion Data-networking: linking of computing devices together with hardware and software, allowing data communications ï  ® Allows you to share files with friends and family Business Model: ï  ® ï  ® ï  ® ï  ® Routers (24% of total revenue) Switches (40% of total revenue) Advanced Technologies (29% of total revenue) Services (6%) Cisco’s Major Customers ï  ® ï  ® ï  ® Large Enterprises, contributing to estimated 45-50% of firm’s total revenues Service Providers: customers that provide data, voice, or video communications, (25%) Commercial Customers: medium/small companies (25%) Routers ï  ® ï  ® ï  ® Core Routers: communication within network Edge Routers: communication within various local networks Enterprise Routers: sold to corporate consumers through large volume agreements, of which Cisco has 60% market share Switches, Advanced Technologies, and Services ï  ® Switches ï  ® Advanced Technologies ï  ® ï  ® Used to build networks over areas such as college campuses, to metropolitan, cities ï  ® Home networking, Wireless, Security, Storage Networking, Optical Networking ï  ® Advanced Services, Focused Technical Support and Network Optimization Support Services Investment Thesis ï  ® Potential for Revenue Growth ï  ® Top Competitor in Network & Communications Industry Potential for Revenue Growth ï  ® When investigating its potential for revenue growth, we examine the following: ï  ® ï  ® Recent Macro trends Industry analysis Macro Trends ï  ® Growth from the YouTube Effect ï  ® ï  ® Carriers spend massive amounts to upgrade their networks, spending benefited Cisco- largest manufacturer of routers Internet growth up to year 2012 increase as much as 46% per year Macro Trends II ï  ® Convergence Trend: demand for more sophisticated technologies ï  ® ï  ® ï  ® Companies makes products such as internet video cameras, media adapters Use of these products requires more routers and switchers- which Cisco provides Growing Advanced Technologies Macro Trend III: ï  ® Domestic vs International Growth: ï  ® ï  ® Cisco derives over half of sales within US and 21% from Europe Cisco has opportunities in Asia: ï  ® ï  ® ï  ® China: rapidly expanding economy~5% of revenue China censorship requires more demand for Cisco’s products Japan: large market~3.4% of revenue Industry Analysis: ï  ® Barriers to Entry: ï  ® High Research & Development Costs ï  ® ï  ® Cisco spends more on R & D than its competitors, allows firm to drive innovation of new products in technology industries Threats: ï  ® Firewall policies Competitive Analysis ï  ® One of the highest gross operating margin due to size and scale ï  ® ï  ® Allows Cisco to pay off fixed payments such as interest in debt. One of the lowest operating costs of its competitors ï  ® Cisco maintains cost levels around 35% of total sales while other companies costs up to half of their total revenues Competitive Analysis II ï  ® ï  ® ï  ® Cisco leads the market in routers, accounting for approximately 60% of sales Cisco generates about 42% of revenue from switches and leads the industry with about 70% market share Cisco’s huge size allows contracts with multiple suppliers. Cisco’s Top Competitors: Revenu COGS e (M) Cisco Gross R&D Margin expend % iture (M) $34.81 $14.0 B Juniper $3.6 B $1.2 Networ ks 65.8% $5 65.7% $.7 Alatel- 32.85% 2.80 16.9 3.10 Important Business Metrics CSCO ALU JNPR Industr y Market 132.14 7.68 B 13.11 B 257.38 Cap B M Revenu 34.81 B 16.9 m 3.30B 165.93 e lbs. M Gross 65.8% 65.7% 32.85% 41.7% Margin EBITDA 8.73 B N/A 666.60 15.08M M Important SEC Filing Info ï  ® Balance Sheet: ï  ® Cisco has strong cash balance of $34.08 B ï  ® Cisco has significant cash to develop its growth through M & A. ï  ® ï  ® In the past, Cisco bought Tandberg, ScanSafe Inc to maintain high growth rates. On January 7, 2010, Cisco announces plan to acquire

Hybodus - Facts and Figures

Hybodus - Facts and Figures Name: Hybodus (Greek for humped tooth); pronounced HIGH-bo-dussHabitat: Oceans worldwideHistorical Period: Late Permian-Early Cretaceous (260-75 million years ago)Size and Weight: About six feet long and 100-200 poundsDiet: Small marine animalsDistinguishing Characteristics: Moderate size; tough cartilage; mouth near end of snout About Hybodus Most creatures of the Mesozoic Era held the limelight for 10 or 20 million years before going extinct, which is why its astonishing that various species of the prehistoric shark Hybodus persisted for close to 200 million years, all the way from the late Permian through the late Cretaceous periods. This small- to medium-sized shark possessed a couple of odd characteristics that may help to explain its success: for example, it had two types of teeth, sharp ones for ripping into fish or whales and flat ones for grinding mollusks, as well as a sharp blade jutting out from its dorsal fin, which helped to keep larger predators at bay. Hybodus was also sexually differentiated; males were equipped with claspers that helped them to hold on to females during the act of mating. Most tellingly, though, Hybodus seems to have been more solidly built than other prehistoric sharks. Part of the reason why so many fossils of this genus have been discovered, around the world, is that the cartilage of Hybodus was relatively tough and calcifiedalmost, but not quite, like solid bonewhich may have given it a valuable edge in the struggle for undersea survival. The persistence of Hybodus in the fossil record has made it a popular go-to shark in nature shows; for example, a Hybodus is shown preying on an Ophthalmosaurus on an episode of Walking with Dinosaurs, and a later episode of Sea Monsters depicts it digging into the giant prehistoric fish Leedsichthys.

Purposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Purposal - Essay Example care profession grew I came to the realization that there was a significant lack of the application of leadership thinking and development of employee skill. This aspect combined with my thirst for learning new principles and theories which would be applicable to my organization and update my knowledge in leadership. Based on these goals to enhance my leadership skills I have chosen to do a master program in HR and Change Leadership as a strategic move which would allow me to improve the health service and explore ways that would aid health care employees perform superiorly. How this leadership doctoral program helps to meet my needs is in the way it’s not just a distinctive degree program but also it focuses on the application of theory to real life situations. This would facilitate my leadership and educational goals in the way I can tackle various challenges at work with solutions based on an understanding of leadership and organizational theory. Furthermore the course fulf ills my need in the way it enables me to maintain a reasonable work-life balance and thoroughly examine various aspects of the healthcare industry and how leadership can be used as a strategic tool to bring about accelerated social, cultural, administrative and technological change in the field. There are numerous learning aspects as far as this course goes, that contribute to my healthcare profession. Firstly due to the process of preparing for the numerous assigned HR readings and interacting with my peers and learning from their work experiences in diverse backgrounds has been a great help. From the basic elements which have molded my perception towards the critical role that Human Resource plays in the success and future of an organization. This field has facilitated not just my ability to be innovative and creative professionally but also helped me gain more experience and insight into the health care field. Through active participation in group discussions I have learnt how various

Phase response curves to light and to melatonin Essay

Phase response curves to light and to melatonin - Essay Example In human light PRC (Figure 1), the y-axis of the PRC shows the direction and relative magnitude of the phase shift in hours induced by light exposure (solid line). Circadian Time Zero (CT0) corresponds to 11:00 am and CT22-CT18 is the duration for day time activity. The black bar, which indicates the time period between 12:00 midnight – 8:00am, along x-axis represents the duration for sleeping. Bright light treatment causes the phase-delay of circadian phase, which is represented by the area from CT10 to CT18. During this period, bright light treatment causes later onset of sleeping/awakening cycle. As time progresses from CT10, stronger effect on phase-delay is observed. At CT18, this phase-delay effect is changed dramatically to phase-advancing effect. The peak phase-advancing effect coincides with sunrise. From CT18 to CT3, bright light treatment induces phase-advancing effect, causing earlier onset of sleeping / awakening cycle. This effect gradually decreases from CT19 to CT3. As noted in the graph, little or no effect is observed when bright light treatment is applied from CT14 to CT20, in which this time period corresponds to 2:00pm to 8:00pm. The intensity of the light used in bright light treatment can have direct effect on the magnitude of the phase advancement or delay. ... After this time point, this effect decreases to the lowest point to CT12. It should be noted that during this time period, bright light treatment has no phase-shifting effect on circadian rhythm. From CT18 to CT0, melatonin administration induces a phase-delay effect on circadian rhythm, however, this effect is relatively small when compared with the phase advancing effect induced by bright light treatment. From 2 hours before the onset of sleeping (CT12) onwards until time of sunrise (CT18), administration of melatonin does not exert any effect on circadian rhythm. This time duration coincides with phase delaying effect of bright light treatment. b. Using this knowledge of the phase response curves to light and to melatonin, design a protocol to alleviate the effects of jet lag when travelling from London Singapore (8 time zones eastward) The flights for travelling from London to Singapore are available both in the morning and at night. The local time in Singapore is ahead of London by 8 hours (8 time zones eastward). Assuming there are two flights travelling from London to Singapore, one flight has the depart time at 11:00 am (London local time) and arrive in Singapore at 7:00 am (Singapore local time, one day ahead); the other flight departs at 22:00 pm (London local time) and arrives at 18:00 pm (Singapore local time, one day ahead). The total duration of the flight is approximately 13 hours. The circadian rhythm may be entrained by advance or delay the sleep/awake cycle and both intake of melatonin at about 4 hours before to its natural peak in the circadian cycle or bright light treatment may induce an advance response (3). The following protocol is devised from

Inequalities in health Essay Example for Free

Inequalities in health Essay

Timothy Findley :: essays research papers

Biography of Author Timothy Findley Timothy Findley is a native of Toronto, Ontario. He was born in 1930 and grew up in the Rosedale district of Toronto. Growing up, Timothy Findley knew that he wanted to be an artist of some form. He studied dance and later acting, which had more success. While acting, he met one of his current life long friends; actress Ruth Gordon. Gordon convinced Findley that writing was his real talent and that he should pursue it further with more concentration. So findley gave up acting after his first short story was published in The Tamarack Review to concentrate on his writings. Findley had problems receiving recognition from his first two books, The Last of the Crazy People (1967) and The Butterfly Plague (1969). It was The Wars that gave Findley the recognition that he deserved; he received the Governor General’s Literary Award for this novel. In his early years of his writing career, Findley also wrote scripts for television, radio, and film. The most success of his film career cam e from the television series The Whiteoaks of Jalna, and The National Dream; for which he received an ACTRA award for co-writing with his partner, William Whitehead. After The Wars, Findley came out with six other popular novels, two collections of short stories and Inside Memory: Pages from a Writer’s Workbook (1990), a collection of articles, journal entries, and reminiscences. Findley has been very active in the writing community; he has helped to found the Writer’s Union of Canada and has served as its chairperson. He has also been President of the Canadian chapter of P.E.N. International, and is also active in Artists Against racism. In addition to this Findley has won many awards including the Canadian Authors Association Award, The Order of Ontario, The Ontario Trillium Award, and he has been appointed an Officer of the Order of Canada.

There is not one word apt final

Shakespeare uses the antics of Oberon and Puck at the forefront of this comedy, using the â€Å"juice† to make everyone fall in love, however they err due to their arrogance as Oberon vaguely describes Demerits by â€Å"by the Athenian garments he hath on†. The iambic meter indicates these characters are powerful, yet their actions are unintelligent: the concept of incompetent leadership is a humorous stereotype, frequently used in dramatic comedy. Here, however, the joke is mocking power, or rather who we give power to, as Shakespeare portrays Oberon as using his power recklessly.The reason Oberon and Puck start squeezing the juice on the lovers is that the character overheard â€Å"A sweet Athenian girl† and a â€Å"disdainful youth†, and so, in the guise of trying to help them, he creates havoc. Boron's aid, however, is a facade: he only desires control; he knows that Demerits doesn't love Helena back, and so he interferes. This attitude reflects that o f the Queen's court: as Louis Monitors puts it, â€Å"Queen Elizabeth Xi's marital status and her sexual condition were matters of the state†, reflected when Oberon plans to put the juice on Titanic so that she â€Å"renders [her] page† to him.Oberon and Puck, therefore, are shown as metaphors for the male Elizabethan state where the men knew everything about the Queen and tried to control her in order to fulfill their interests: they tried to force her into getting married, and reproducing in order for the country to have an heir, just as Oberon tried to force Titanic to change her mind when she defies him saying â€Å"the fairy land buys not the child off me†.Ultimately, despite Titanic's rebellion, â€Å"she straight away gave† the changeling child to Oberon because he manipulates her with he juice, rendering her love an â€Å"ass†; this is comedic, especially when the character awakens and worries about being â€Å"enamored† to an  "assn. The fact that it was the â€Å"fairy queen† to whom this occurred is significant as this term was often a metaphorical reference to Queen Elizabeth in Renaissance literature.The juice is symbolic of ultimate patriarchal power; however, in reality there is no juice to make the Queen yield and produce an heir for the State. Shakespeare therefore is mocking State power as they can never obtain their desires because for once there was a ruler who resisted male authority. The state also is shown through Oberon and this reference to an â€Å"ass† may actually be a reference to Oberon- whom is the one who has acted truly the â€Å"ass† and has Titanic's love- and so the state itself.This male lust for power in seen, moreover, in the disorder at the start of the play in Shakespearean portrayal of the relationship between Hermit and Segues in regard to her choice of husband. Segues believes â€Å"this hath bewitched the bosom of my daughter†; Shakespeare re fers to Alexander here as â€Å"this†, dehumidifying the character and therefore highlighting the Segues has towards Alexander. Segues wants to â€Å"dispose† of his daughter â€Å"to her death† because she chooses someone other than who he wants: a seeming betrayal.Segues' parental constraint mirrors the expectations Elizabethan parents had for their children, leading to the 1 753 The Hardwired Act which invalidated any marriages of people under 21 or if parental/ guardian consent was not granted; 1 753 was after the play was written demonstrating the dangerous legacy patriarchal Elizabethan England left. Segues also does not refer to Hemi by name through this passage, instead only using pronouns such as her†, yet, the men are named twice in it.This highlights the misogyny as the men, unlike Women, are worthy of name- even Alexander who Was previously simply a ‘this†. The namelessness inflicted on Hermit reflects the fact that before the 1 7th century married females had no second enamel , emphasizing the fact that she was lower than men and just a possession of either her husband or father, as seen as Segues claims â€Å"[Hermit] is mine†. Moreover, the idea of a Helena, a love-struck teenager, following her love who has rejected her is funny, until Demerits threatens to â€Å"do thee mischief n the woods†.The imperative highlights how threatening this character is, and therefore- because Demerits represents a sort of â€Å"Everyman†- is symbolic of the threatening nature of man, a nature also seen in the forcefulness of Oberon. This scene takes place on the outskirts of the â€Å"green world† (the forest) and so in a limbo between reality, sensuality and disorder; we don't know what is possible here therefore making Demerits even more dangerous and thus amplifying the danger of his, and every man's, authority in this world, as we can see by Boron's greater power. This scene betweenDemerits a nd Helena also emphasizes inequality; he threatens this terrible act because a female character is stalking him for love, while he does the same to another. This is ironic and paradoxical, making us question the attitudes Demerits represents; it would appear that it is fine for a bold man to stalk someone because they are- as Dorothy Leigh says- â€Å"amongst the wise†, while when a woman is strong other women ‘Will blush at [their] boldness†2. The motif of rape appears symbolically when Oberon plans to manipulate Demerits, Alexander and Titanic â€Å"when [they are] asleep†: at the eight vulnerability and exposure.Oberon attacks them with the juice, thus taking away their will and dignity, in its place leaving distress- as a rape would do. In this case, Boron's metaphorical actions are tearing apart the â€Å"double cherry† of Hermit and Helena, striping their symbolic sisterhood to a â€Å"union in partition†. However, this violent authority was not uncommon in the 17th century, and neither was it a crime that was prosecuted. It was a popular attitude that women were objects of beauty and obedience, as shown in Dry Faustus.Faustus just wants a â€Å"where† wife, or an illusion of Helen of Troy, neither of whom had free will, and although these two plays are of opposite genres, the aggression towards women is seen in both. This shows how it is not only the genre of dramatic comedy, but renaissance theatre in general which holds a mirror to the darker issues of the day. Misogyny is further seen at the start of the play where Theses claims to have â€Å"won thy heart doing [Happily] injury', the connotations here of violence reflect the patriarchal period of the play.This is emphasizes because Theses took Happily from a injunction matriarchal Amazonian culture to one where she is objectified as nothing more than a prize (coven thy†¦ â€Å") – implying that this â€Å"love† between them is not w hat it appeared to be, but is actually another example of male control. As Alison Plowmen explains, â€Å"nobody had any objections to love as long as the price was right†; Theses will gain status and the potential for an heir. Contrastingly, Happily loses her independence and Persephone, thus foregrounding the both the literal and symbolic battle of the sexes throughout the play due to the male coercion.

Ways To Prevent Tb Health And Social Care Essay

Michael does non cognize precisely when he contracted TB, but he figures it must hold been sometime during August 2007 in Bangkok. Before the beginning of his symptoms, he did non go to any topographic points that seemed particularly prone to TB. He could hold caught it anyplace, in a crowded disco, a saloon, or even merely sitting in a cab with an septic driver. Tuberculosis is transmitted through the air when person infected with TB coughs, sneezings, tongues, laughs, or negotiations. By making these things, they spread the Terbium sources in the air, and person can catch them from take a breathing in the sources and exposing it to their lungs or mucose membrane. The incubation period of TB is anyplace mediate two to twelve hebdomads. Therefore, the visual aspect of symptoms may non happen until months after the first exposure to the bacterium. There are many symptoms associated with TB, but they are non ever a revealing mark of a disease every bit serious as this and are frequently mistaken for something much less terrible. Some common symptoms of TB are a changeless cough with mucous secretion, coughing up blood, inordinate dark workout suits, weariness, febrility, and unwilled weight loss. Some extra symptoms include trouble external respiration, thorax strivings, and wheezing. Michael ‘s first mark that something was incorrect was a instance of the icinesss on a normal vesiculation hot twenty-four hours in the centre of Bangkok. A few hebdomads subsequently, he began to cough and experience a hurting which he, at that clip, thought was in his dorsum. His status quickly became worse and worse, and two hebdomads after his cough foremo st appeared, he went to see a physician at the taking international infirmary in Bangkok. The physician concluded it was merely an infection and gave him some antibiotics. Of class, the antibiotics had no consequence, and so he went back to see a lung specializer. The specializer concluded the same as the first physician, but this clip Michael insisted on an X ray. The X ray showed big clouded countries at the underside of the lungs. Fluid around the lung, along with swollen or stamp lymph nodes in the cervix or other countries, and unusual breath sounds, are a few marks of TB. She told him that it was either lung malignant neoplastic disease or TB, and she asked him to cough up some phlegm, mucous secretion like stuff from the lungs, so it could be analyzed. She besides recommended him to acquire an HIV trial because many people in Thailand have HIV before TB. Fortunately, the HIV trial came back negative, but that same twenty-four hours he was called back to the physician ‘s and officially told he had TB. A specialised infirmary was to make a more in-depth analysis, but Michael was prescribed his intervention right off. As mentioned before, TB is extremely infective because of its ability to be transmitted through the air. The infective period of this disease is difficult to find as a set sum of yearss or hebdomads or months. In theory, TB can be spread every bit long as the bacteriums are actively being released from the septic individual ‘s phlegm. However, the greatest opportunity of conveying the infection is during the period before diagnosing. The hazard of conveying the infection is greatly reduced within yearss to two hebdomads after get downing intervention. This is why it is vitally of import to acquire a speedy diagnosing of TB and get down taking medicine every bit shortly as possible. There are ways to forestall TB. The Bacille Calmette-Gu & A ; eacute ; rin ( BCG ) inoculation is effectual for cut downing TB meningitis and decease in kids, but it is merely used in states with high hazard for TB for it is merely effectual for a short period of clip. In fact, Michael had received this inoculation when he was born in Denmark, but he was told after he was diagnosed it was no longer effectual. PPD tegument trials are available in high hazard populations and for people exposed to TB, such as physicians and nurses. A positive tegument trial shows contact with the bacteriums, and prompt intervention is critical to forestall the spread of the bacteriums from people with active Terbium to those ne'er infected. All states are required to describe information about TB surveillance to the World Health Organization. This information is used to organize processs to command the planetary spread of the disease. A individual infected with TB should be isolated at place or a infirmary for 2-4 hebdomads till they are non contagious any longer. TB is normally treated by a standard six month class of the four drugs isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol. It is imperative that these medicines be taken every bit prescribed to forestall the bacterium from going resistant to the medicines doing it harder to handle. If the medicines are non being taken right, patients may be sent to straight observed therapy where they are observed taking their medical specialty two to three times a hebdomad. Michael ‘s coughing quickly decreased after being put on the medicines, and his back/lung hurting vanished after holding the liquid in his lungs removed. Remembering to take his medical specialties several times throughout the twenty-four hours, without of all time jumping, was a challenge, but he was determined. He was good informed by his physicians about side effects and different things he could non make. He experienced holding about ruddy piss and remembered no intoxicant was allowed during the six month intervention. Even though he knew nil about TB before his diagnosing, he listened to his physicians and was smart plenty non to halt taking his medical specialty after the first few hebdomads when his symptoms went off. He knew how of import it was to remain on them on a regular basis, and the six month intervention was a success. Terbium has the greatest opportunity of returning in the two old ages after a successful intervention, and so today, he is taking better attenti on of himself, doing certain to maintain his immune system strong. He stays strong mentally and physically, and he is convinced he ‘s all in TB one time and for all. Tuberculosis is a treatable disease, but certain fortunes can do intervention a more drawn-out, expensive, and hazardous venture. Suren Arakelyan is a 40 four twelvemonth old adult male presently shacking in an Abovyan infirmary on the outskirts of Yerevan the capital of Armenia, his native place. He has been combating TB for 15 old ages since undertaking it after a short stay in a Russian prison for a bash in St. Petersburg. Patchy antibiotics defeated the disease one time, but it returned in 2008 in the signifier XDR-TB, extensively drug-resistant TB. XDR-TB is one signifier of drug-resistant TB. Drug-resistant TB is when the bacterium become immune to the drugs normally used to handle TB. This can go on when prescribed the incorrect intervention, dosage, and/or length of clip, when the drugs are unavailable or of bad quality, when people do non take all of their Terbium medicines or take them on a regular basis, when they develop TB for a 2nd clip, or when they are infected by per son with drug-resistant TB. Multi-drug immune TB ( MDR-TB ) is when the bacterium is unaffected by a lower limit of INH and Rifadin, the most frequently used and effectual TB medicines. Extensively drug-resistant TB is a uncommon type of MDR-TB that is unaffected by INH and Rifadin, fluoroquinolone, and a lower limit of one of the three injectable second-line drugs ( such as amikacin, Kantrex, or capreomycin ) . XDR-TB is immune to the strongest first-line and second-line TB drugs, and hence intervention of this strain is less effectual, more expensive, and prone to more side effects. Drug-resistant TB may necessitate up to two old ages of chemotherapy depending on how many drugs the bacteriums are immune to. Arakelyan is emaciated and despondent, and he has lost half his lung tissue from the disease and much of his hearing due to the toxic drugs. He is lonely and separated from his household, a married woman and immature kids, who live in distant Belarus. Hopeless, he skips and refuses some of his prescribed medicines, the side effects on his organic structure excessively hard to bear, but this lone worsens his state of affairs and strengthens the bacterium ‘s opposition. Taking all of the medicines precisely as they were prescribed and ne'er losing or halting intervention early are the best ways to forestall drug-resistant TB. Bing rapidly diagnosed and get downing intervention instantly and restricting exposure to those infected with drug-resistant TB will besides assist forestall MDR-TB or XDR-TB. Scientists continually conduct research to happen better interventions for TB. Scientists at Yeshiva University in Bronx, NY are researching how TB infects/causes disease in worlds, how the human immune system responds, and placing the factors that allow the endurance and reproduction of the bacteriums in the host. They are besides analyzing the mechanisms of drug opposition and how M. TB is able to last long-run drug interventions to find more effectual drugs and methods of intervention against TB. They work towards making new powerful vaccinums to break prevent and protect against all strains of TB. Scientists at the University of Illinois in Chicago work to optimise anti-TB drugs to kill the bacteriums while being less toxic/non-toxic to human cells. They are besides analyzing the usage of natural merchandises against TB and developing tools to assist break the find of new drugs. Tuberculosis was n't one time called ingestion and the cachexia disease for nil. Without proper intervention, TB can be life endangering and if non can still do life hard and suffering. Precautions should ever be taken in high hazard countries until the twenty-four hours when scientists discover a definite remedy.

The Difference Between Sore vs. Soar

The Difference Between Sore vs. Soar The words soar and sore are English homophones, meaning they sound alike but have different meanings. Definitions The verb soar means to rise or fly high in the air. Soar also means to rise above the ordinary level. As an adjective, sore means feeling pain, sorrow, distress, or resentment. The noun sore refers to a blister or some other source of pain or irritation. Examples Oscar watched the spotted eagle soar and then sweep low.The housing market in Canadas largest  cities has priced out many would-be buyers, leaving them stuck in their current homes as new listings hit  six-year lows and prices soar.(Reuters, Moving on Up? Not in This Canadian Housing Market. The New York Times, June 8, 2016)Another time  she  wakened to see a ball of fire, a kind of lit-up soap bubble, soar from one roof to another and sink behind it. She was aware that what she saw was the spirit of someone who had just died.(Isaac Bashevis Singer, The Key. A Friend of Kafka and Other Stories, 1970)If you feel sore after exercising, you may need to wait a day or two before you stretch.Even a small loan between friends can become a sore point in the relationship.The Chambers of Commerce are still trying to build a freeway through the Ozarks, and I am  still sore about  it.(Roy Reed, Looking for Hogeye.  University of North Carolina Press, 1986) Idiom Alerts The expression sore loser refers to someone who becomes angry or upset after losing a fair competition.In public he was willing to laugh at himself but in private he was not, and whether the game was billiards or business, he  was a very sore loser. When he could fire the men he thought had betrayed him he would.(John D. Seelye, Mark Twain in the Movies. Viking, 1977)The expression sore spot refers to something thats physically or mentally painful or sensitive.Though she had long since grown used to my dedication at the office and now accepted it as part of my character, I knew it had always been  a sore spot with  her.(Nicholas Sparks, The Wedding. Perfection Learning, 2005)The expression sight for sore eyes  refers to someone or something thats a welcome sight and/or particularly attractive.My!  Mrs. Evans! you are certainly a  sight for sore eyes!  I dont know how you manage to look so unruffled and cool and young! With all those children.(James Baldwin,  Blues for Mister Charlie. Dial Press, 1964) Practice Quiz (a) In 1903, the Wright Brothers became the first humans to _____  aloft in a power-driven airplane.(b) After spending the night on the living room sofa, I woke up feeling _____  all over.(c) The  Evening Star Baptist Church was crowded  when I arrived and the service had begun. The members were rousing a song, urging the music to _____  beyond  all physical boundaries.(Maya Angelou,  Singin and Swingin and Gettin Merry Like Christmas. Random House, 1997) Answers to Practice Exercises (a) In 1903, the Wright Brothers became the first humans to soar aloft in a power-driven airplane.(b) After spending the night on the living room sofa, I woke up feeling sore all over.(c) The  Evening Star Baptist Church was crowded  when I arrived and the service had begun. The members were rousing a song, urging the music to soar beyond  all physical boundaries.(Maya Angelou,  Singin and Swingin and Gettin Merry Like Christmas. Random House, 1997)

UC Berkeley Free OpenCourseWare Online Classes

UC Berkeley Free OpenCourseWare Online Classes Every semester, University of California Berkeley records several popular courses and offers them free to the public as OpenCourseWare classes. New lectures are posted online each week during the run of the course. The webcast classes are archived for about a year; then  theyre removed from distribution. Like other OpenCourseWare programs, UC Berkeley usually doesnt offer credit or  student/teacher interaction for these free online classes. Where to Find UC Berkeley OpenCourseWare UC Berkeley’s OpenCourseWare webcasts can be found on three websites: Webcast. Berkeley, Berkeley on YouTube, and Berkeley on iTunes University.  By subscribing to UC Berkeley courses via iTunes, you’ll receive new lectures automatically and save a copy of each course on your hard drive. If you’re an RSS user, you can subscribe to a course through the Webcast Berkeley website and watch lectures in Google Reader or another appropriate application. The YouTube site provides streaming videos that can be watched anywhere or embedded in a website or blog. How to Use UC Berkeley OpenCourseWare If you plan to use UC Berkeley OpenCourseWare, it’s advisable to start at the beginning of the semester. Since lectures are posted online shortly after they’re given, you’ll be able to watch up-to-date recordings that reflect the most recent research and world events.The UC Berkeley websites offer only lectures, not assignments or reading lists. However, independent learners are often able to gather class materials by visiting the lecturers’ websites. When watching the first video of a course, be sure to listen for a class web address. Many lecturers provide downloadable material on their sites. Top Free Online Subjects From UC Berkeley Since UC Berkeley’s webcasts vary between semesters, there’s always something new to explore. Popular subjects include computer science, engineering, English, and psychology. Check out the Berkeley website for the most up-to-date list. Three sample classes include: How to Write an Essay: This  five-week  introduction to academic writing for English language learners  focuses on essay development, grammar, and self-editing. The  course is free, but two additional fee-based components are offered: a certificate highlighting the knowledge and skills gained and  weekly interactive  small-group sessions with a live mentor.Marketing Analytics: Products, Distribution, and Sales: This four-week  course offers instruction in advanced concepts such as conjoint analysis and decision tree methodologies to product decisions  as well as  the best ways to distribute and sell offerings to consumers. Also provided for a  fee is a certificate highlighting the knowledge and skills gained in the course.The Science of Happiness: This eight-week course teaches the science of positive psychology, which explores the roots of a happy and meaningful life. A  certificate highlighting the knowledge and skills gained in the course is  offered for aà ‚  fee. Part of a Partnership The UC Berkeley OpenCourseWare program is partnered with edX, an online course provider that offers more than 1,900 free and fee-based online courses from over 100 institutions worldwide. The partnership, founded by Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also includes nonprofit institutions, national governments, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and multinational corporations.

Bacterial Transformation Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Bacterial Transformation - Term Paper Example To this end, transformation entails the process in which DNA fragments are taken up by bacteria. Evidently, many contemporary scientists have discovered a variety of genetic modifications that invent bacterial strains which are more susceptible to transformation. Furthermore, they assist in maintaining the plasmid devoid of rearrangement and realignment of of the plasmid DNA. In addition, discoveries in contemporary treatments catalyze the efficiency of bacterial transformation. Consequently, they become highly susceptible to either electrical or chemical based transformation. This hence results to ‘competent cells.’ The major application for bacterial transformation includes gene therapy whereby defective cells are replaced with functional copies. Furthermore, it can be applied in the coding of genes for traits such as pest resistance or disease that may be transformed into plants. Furthermore, transformation of bacteria can occur with a gene for human hormone like insulin in order to stimulate production in mass quantities. Evidently, upon the occurrence of transformation, a plasmid is often transferred. To this end, a plasmid refers to a minute, circular DNA that occurs naturally in most bacteria. Furthermore, the plasmid occurs independently from the chromosomal DNA of the bacterium. In addition, it contains genes which are not normally evident in the bacterium. It is important to note that the extra genes at times supply a growth advantage for the bacteria. This can be through giving enzymes such as amylase and extra gene which breaks down beta lactamase or starches and eventually leads to a breakdown of antibiotic ampicillin. To this end, the growth of bacteria is evident even in places outside their natural setting. In the field of medicine, the ability naturally competent bacteria in acquiring plasmids that possess resistant antibiotic genes is deemed as critical. This has immensely influenced the development of new

The Relevance of Employee Engagement Indices as A Performance Research Paper

The Relevance of Employee Engagement Indices as A Performance - Research Paper Example Three articles have been chosen based on the following criterion: the relevance of these articles to the subject under examination. These articles are analyzed below focusing on their value for achieving the objectives of the proposed study. The first article is that of Siddhanta and Roy (2010). The specific article focuses on the relationship between employee engagement and productivity. The examination and the evaluation of this relationship is one of the study’s objectives. The article has been considered as important for the proposed study because of the following reasons: a) it helps to explore one of the study’s objectives, meaning especially the involvement of employee engagement in enhancing productivity in institutions; b) it presents a thorough analysis of the role of engagement within modern organizations. Also, engagement, as a concept, is explained in the context of its relationship with different aspects of the organization, such as ‘productivity, pr ofitability and customer satisfaction’ (Siddhanta and Roy, 2010, p. 172). The article of Siddhanta and Roy (2010) is based on literature review, meaning that no empirical research has been conducted for exploring the issues discussed in the article. The authors have used ‘integrative literature reviews’ (Siddhanta and Roy, 2010, p. 172) aiming to address all issues related to the subject under examination. At the same time, the findings of the literature review are presented using ‘a descriptive study manner’ (Siddhanta and Roy, 2010, p. 172). This technique helps to secure the credibility of assumptions produced through the findings of the literature. Furthermore, the findings of empirical research conducted by large firms such as Gallup and Hay Group (Siddhanta and Roy, 2010, p. 172) are presented and discussed in combination with the findings of the literature review. The specific practice further increases the credibility and the validity of the authors’ assumptions on the issue under examination. Under these terms, the study of Siddhanta and Roy (2010) is valuable for understanding the current position of engagement as a factor influencing organizational performance. The article of Bhatla (2011) focuses on the effect of employee engagement on employee performance. In this way, the impact of employee engagement on organizational productivity is verified especially since employee performance directly influences the performance of the organization, either in the short or the long term. The specific study is also related with one of the objectives of the proposed study. More specifically, as already explained, the proposed study aims to show the potential influence of employee engagement in increasing productivity in institutions. The study of Bhatla (2011) shows how employee engagement can affect employee performance; as a result, the role of employee engagement in organizational productivity is also made clear. One of the most important advantages of the article of Bhatla, compared to other studies related to the specific issue, is the following one: Bhatla has emphasized not only the theoretical but also on the practical aspects of employee engagement. More specifically, in the study of Bhatla, all aspects of employee engagement are explored using the literature published in this field. Moreover, a series

Realistic Fiction Genre Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Realistic Fiction Genre Study - Essay Example Realistic Fictions are stories that children of all ages will enjoy, since they help such children to understand the human relationships, thus preparing them for a life in the future, since they will have already understood the human problems (O'Connor, 2010). This makes them understand themselves better, as well as understanding the human potential in them. Through reading Realistic Fiction stories, children are presented with a mirror to see the world, allowing them to understand the complexities that exist in our world, while also preparing them psychologically for things to come. The essence of reading Realistic Fiction stories is not only to help children see the world in a clear view and prepare them for the future, but also to present an opportunity for such children to choose what they would want to be, based on the characters presented by the stories (Galda, Cullinan & Sipe, 2009). While the children are reading these stories, they engage directly with their favorite charact ers, closely observing how they dealt with the real world hardships and struggles. This shapes the children’s personality and attitudes towards life, since children can see themselves doing the same things. Therefore, Realistic Fiction Genre helps children to understand different people, places and cultures, giving them an opportunity to understand the world beyond what they see every day, while helping children to discover what they want to become in future. While selecting the books for my genre study, I embarked on defining the criteria to be used to come up with books that truly fit in the Realistic Fiction Genre. The criteria was assessing the books on the basis of evaluating whether they present every day realities that are essential in helping children understand the world. Additionally, the books were selected based on their ability to present characters that are realistic and credible, presenting opportunities that enlarge the readers thinking perspective, and presen ting topics and discussions that seems real and consequently believable. Through selecting books that qualify such criteria, the aims of Realistic Fiction Genre are satisfied, making the books appropriate and meaningful for reading by children. The first book I selected was The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Twain, Mark. This novel is about a mischievous and very adventurous boy called Tom Sawyer, who was living along the Mississippi River, in the St. Petersburg, Missouri (Twain, 1990). Tom is an ill-behaved boy, who engages in fights at school, consequently dirtying his clothes and arriving home a total mess. As a punishment for his misbehavior, he is required to whitewash a fence, which he is apparently not willing to do. Therefore, he applies his cunningness to trick his friend into doing it, with a promise of granting him some treasure in form of tickets to a Bible memorizing contest, where one would end up with a Bible as a prize. Despite being cunning and lazy, Tom is also immora l and dishonest. He happens to fall in love with a new girl who had recently arrived in town, Becky Thatcher, and asks her to kiss him, as a sign of engagement. Becky reluctantly agrees to kiss him, only to realize the dishonesty of Tom later on, when she discovers that she had been previously engaged to a different girl, Amy. Consequently, he is rejected by Becky and reverts to his mischievous life, this time in the company of Huckleberry, who was a son of a famous town drunkard. In their adventure to a grave to try out some cure, they witnessed a

Research PaperSancho Panza

Research PaperSancho Panza Research PaperSancho Panza: Sidekick and Skeptic The character Sancho Panza in Miguel de Cervantes Don Quixote de La Mancha is both a sidekick and a skeptic. Don Quixote de La Mancha by Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra is acclaimed as one of the best novels ever written. Miguel de Unamuno once wrote there scarcely exists a person of even average education who does not have some idea of Don Quixote and Sancho. Contrary to what one might think, there is a character who is just as important to the success of this novel as is Don Quixote himself: Sancho Panza. Without him, Don Quixote would be a two-dimensional character with hardly any appeal. But with the aid of Sanchos interactions, Quixote takes depth and form as a character. The reader is able to judge Quixote through the thoughts and actions of his companion because Sancho is both a supportive sidekick and a nagging skeptic. Sancho Panzas duality shows both the good and bad in Don Quixote, which reveals many sides to Quixote that would not have been shown otherwise. Despite being physically hurt on multiple occasions and faced with perpetual humiliation, Sancho Panza continues to follow Don Quixote on his insane adventures. Sancho does not share his masters extreme belief in chivalrous virtues, however he often lives in and adores [Quixotes madness], sometimes getting caught up in [it] entirely(Sparknotes). Sanchos support of Don Quixote shows that Quixote is prominently good and lets the reader know that he is an admirable person with at least enough sanity to maintain a good friendship. Sancho Panza fulfills the role of a sidekick by being absolutely faithful (Dramatica) and having an unswerving belief and support of the Protagonist (Phillips). Sancho demonstrates his loyalty even on his first day as aAs Don Quixotes squire, Sancho follows his master into countless situations where the outcomes are unfavorable to say the least. On his first day as a squire, Sancho accompanies Quixote as hewhen he accompanies Quixote as they approaches a coach that the knight errant believes to contain an imprisoned princess. Don Quixote attacks one of the monks in front of the coach and knocks him off of his horse. Sancho scrambles to collect the monks garb as a battle spoil for his master, but the servants that are standing by see him and they attacked Sancho and knocked him downleaving no hair in his beard unscathed, they kicked him breathless and senseless and left him lying on the ground (Cervantes 62, 63). Even after a brutal beating to start off his career, Sancho rides off with Quixote after the battle and is more worried about his masters wounds than his own. The squire maintains his loyalty like a true sidekick, but more importantl y, he allows the reader to feel pity for Quixote through his own concern for the mans wellbeing. Later on in the book, Sancho and Quixote stay at an inn to heal their wounds from a previous beating. The innkeeper expects to receive payment when the two try to leave, but Don Quixote refuses to pay him anything. Quixote then rides off a fair distance from the inn, not realizing that he has left his squire behind. The innkeeper turns to Sancho and demands payment. When Sancho does not pay, a few men throw him into a blanket and [begin] to toss him and make merry with him as if he were a dog at a Carnival (Cervantes 122). Not only does this good squire show loyalty, but also support and belief in Don Quixote. Sancho is hesitant at first when Quixote wants to rescue his horse Rocinante from a group of angry Yanguesans. He exclaims, What the devil kind of revenge are we supposed to take when there are more than twenty of them and only two of us, or maybe only one and a half? Quixote replies that he himself is worth a hundred and charges the crowd of men. Sancho then becomes incited and moved by his masters example, [and so] he [does] the same (Cervantes 103). Sanchos faith in his master during times of imminent disaster shows that Don Quixote must have good leadership qualities as well as the ability to inspire and motivate through sheer confidence. Despite being physically hurt on multiple occasions and faced with perpetual humiliation, Sancho Panza continues to follow Don Quixote on his insane adventures. Sancho does not share his masters extreme belief in chivalrous virtues, however he often lives in and adores [Quixotes madness], sometimes getting caught up in [it] entirely(Sparknotes). Sancho Panza therefore fulfills the requirements for being a sidekick by being absolutely faithful (Dramatica) and having an unswerving belief and support of the Protagonist (Phillips). Sancho Panza also demonstrates the attributes of a skeptic and allows Quixote to be criticized as well as praised. A skeptic doubts everything, thinks every plan is unworkable, and that success is unlikely (Phillips). Sancho does not always agree with his master and often times Quixotes heightened, insane conception of the world is brought crashing to earth by Sanchos sly pragmatism (Thornton) and. hHe frequently berates Don Quixote for his reliance on fantasy (Sparknotes). One such example of Sanchos skepticism and probably one of the most famous events in the novel is when the two encounter a field of windmills. To Don Quixote, the windmills are giants that against which he must wage battle against. Sancho is skeptical of this notion, does not agree. He warned [Quixote] that, beyond any doubt, those things he was about to attack were windmills and not giants. But Quixote does not heed Sanchos pleas and ends up being tossed off Rocinante when his lance gets stuck in one of the vanes. Sancho rushes to his masters aid and says, Didnt I tell your grace to watch what you were doing, that these were nothing but windmills, and only somebody whose head was full of them wouldnt know that? (Cervantes 58-59). In instances such as these, Sancho shows that Quixote does not have the best judgement and is certainly not of sound mind. Sancho Panza is a complex character that demonstrates the qualities of both a sidekick and a skeptic. These two opposite archetypes fused within one person allows for a perception of Don Quixote that gives him life. If Sancho was not present in the novel, the readers would not get as much enjoyment out of the book and Don Quixote would not be as popular as it has been for the past centuries.

Bullet Busters :: essays research papers

On Wednesday, the 13th of March 1991, American Cablevision of Queens, New York, sent the first electronic "Bullet". This so-called "Bullet" was in fact, an electronic signal directed to unauthorized cable boxes causing them to turn-off. Approximately 300+ unsuspecting customers then called the cable company to complain and were subsequently taken to court for cable theft. The "Bullet" works by ordering the computer processor within the cable box to lock-up if it is authorized for all channels. Since pirate chips installed in a cable box would authorize all channels, the TV "goes black". HOW THE CABLE COMPANIES CATCH PIRATES There are several methods; here are some of the more popular. The first method is somewhat costly to the cable company, and is used usually only when they think they have a thief. A device called a Time-Domain Reflectometer(TDR) is used to send a timed signal from the cable line outside you home to your decoder. The reflected energy of the signal is measured and then compared to previous measurements to find a time difference which would indicate that the box has been tampered with. Pirates were able to get around this by installing an in-line amplifier which would weaken the reflected signal. One problem with TDR is that you need previous readings, which are not usually taken at the time of installation for a reference point. The second way is to modulate an identification signal onto the cable line at about 108 MHz. This signal sounds something like a "cuckoo", and "leaks" from the converter box where it can be picked up by cable company employees outside of suspected pirates homes using hand held receivers. Unfortunately the signals sent by the cable companies can also cause interference with FM reception within the home. A third method is to program all cable boxes from the headend to display a message. This message is displayed only by boxes which have had a test chip installed and left in. The message informs the customer that they have won a free t-shirt or something similar. They only have to go to the Cable Company HQ to pick up their prize. And what a prize it is! A FREE trip to jail! Don't fall for this. There is no free lunch. IS THERE A FIX FOR THE BULLET? Yes, there are several solutions to the problem. The "Bullet" as sent from headend causes the box to lock-up, and not output a picture. The fix is simple - unplug the power cord. After a few minutes, plug-in the box again and it should reset. At worst, the box may stay dead for up to 24 hours.

Environmental and Social Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms in Botany Bay

Environmental and Social Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms in Botany Bay; When planning offshore wind farms the following impacts are studied to make sure the purposed project has a net benefit environmentally. Steps can then be taken to manage any negative impact resulting from the construction of the wind farms. Environmental Impact: Botany Bay has a diverse marine life the impact of the wind turbines on the environment; have surprisingly shown to produce artificial reefs.A recent study; â€Å"Effect of the Horns Rev 1 Offshore Wind Farm on Fish Communities†(Leonhard, Stenberg, Stottrup;2011) has produced positive results illustrating the turbines have no adverse effect to the marine life; and has actually increased the population of some species of fish in the area. It is also shown the most disturbance will coming in the construction stage of production. Wind farms also would have effects on the local bird-life; as both a collision risk with the rotors and disturbance and bar rier effect to migrating birds.Botany Bay is noted to have close to seventeen species of shorebirds prompting the need for further research to be looked at bird behaviour the area. Social Impact: Many studies have been developed to review wind turbines effect on the health of people; an Australian study â€Å"Wind Turbines and Health† (National Health and Medical Research Council, 2010) concluded that overall wind farms have minimal health effects compared to health burdens of conventional electricity generation.The concept of â€Å"wind turbine syndrome† includes the worse of the adverse health issues; involved in hear loss and insomnia resulting from noise levels of the wind farms but it is generally believed to be a nocebo reaction to the presence of wind turbine. The noise level of 10 turbines at 350 metres is 35-45 dbA, in comparison to a standard quiet room being 35 dbA. The main legitimate health issue includes annoyance impact by locals and according to World H ealth Organisation (WHO; 1999) annoyance is an adverse health effect.In terms of the planned wind farm at Botany Bay’s area; designing offshore greatly reduces the sound and visual impact; Being far out enough to have no shadow flicker to no effect. Also located in such an urban area sound from city is found to offset the noise level of the wind turbines (Ion Paraschivoiu). Recreational fishing in Botany Bay is a large attraction to Botany Bay with commercial fishing currently banned. Several artificial reefs were construction in 2006 to help fish habitats.With the potential of more artificial reefs from the wind farms; marine wildlife will look to prosper; however building of offshore wind farms will pose safety issues to fishing in the area. Closing fishing areas closest to the wind farms may be necessary to provide proper safety; which will most likely irritate local fishermen. Environmental and Social impact of off shore wind farms cannot be taken lightly and for closer l ook on such effects proper detailed investigation have to be made on the surrounding wildlife and population of Botany Bay.Bibliography NSW Department of Primary Industries. (2006). Six artificial reefs for Botany Bay. Available: http://www. dpi. nsw. gov. au/archive/news-releases/fishing-and-aquaculture/2006/artificial-reefs-botany-bay Last accessed 12 Oct 2012. Science Daily. (2010). Offshore Wind Power and Wave Energy Devices Create Artificial Reefs. Available: http://www. sciencedaily. com/releases/2010/01/100118132130. htm Last accessed 12 Oct 2012. The Fish Site News Desk. (2010). Offshore Wind Power Creates Artificial Reefs.Available: http://www. thefishsite. com/fishnews/11577/offshore-wind-power-creates-artificial-reefs Last accessed 12 Oct 2012. Hazel Watson. (2010). Shorebirds of Botany bay. Available: http://www. wetrivers. unsw. edu. au/research-projects/shorebirds/shorebirds-of-botany-bay/ Last accessed 12 Oct 2012. The Society for Wind Vigilance. (2010). Annoyance and Wind Turbines. Available: http://www. windvigilance. com/about-adverse-health-effects/annoyance-and-wind-turbines Last accessed 12 Oct 2012.Magnus Johnson. (2009). Fisheries, the environment and offshore wind farms: Location, location, location.. Available:http://www. academia. edu/892929/Fisheries_the_environment_and_offshore_wind_farms_Location_location_location Last accessed 12 Oct 2012. Sustainable Development Commission (United Kingdom) (SDC), (2005): Wind Power in the UK: A guide to the key issues surrounding onshore wind power development in the UK, Government of the United Kingdom, England.Available at: http://www. sdcommission. org. uk/ World Health Organization (2004): Energy, sustainable development and health. Background document for the Fourth Ministerial Conference on Environment and Health, 23-25 June 2004, Geneva. Rogers A, Manwell J & Wright S. (2006): Wind Turbine Acoustic Noise. Renewable Energy Research Laboratory, University of Massachusetts at Amherst. Wind Tu rbine Design: With Emphasis on Darrieus Concept by Ion Paraschivoiu Environmental and Social Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms in Botany Bay Environmental and Social Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms in Botany Bay; When planning offshore wind farms the following impacts are studied to make sure the purposed project has a net benefit environmentally. Steps can then be taken to manage any negative impact resulting from the construction of the wind farms. Environmental Impact: Botany Bay has a diverse marine life the impact of the wind turbines on the environment; have surprisingly shown to produce artificial reefs.A recent study; â€Å"Effect of the Horns Rev 1 Offshore Wind Farm on Fish Communities†(Leonhard, Stenberg, Stottrup;2011) has produced positive results illustrating the turbines have no adverse effect to the marine life; and has actually increased the population of some species of fish in the area. It is also shown the most disturbance will coming in the construction stage of production. Wind farms also would have effects on the local bird-life; as both a collision risk with the rotors and disturbance and bar rier effect to migrating birds.Botany Bay is noted to have close to seventeen species of shorebirds prompting the need for further research to be looked at bird behaviour the area. Social Impact: Many studies have been developed to review wind turbines effect on the health of people; an Australian study â€Å"Wind Turbines and Health† (National Health and Medical Research Council, 2010) concluded that overall wind farms have minimal health effects compared to health burdens of conventional electricity generation.The concept of â€Å"wind turbine syndrome† includes the worse of the adverse health issues; involved in hear loss and insomnia resulting from noise levels of the wind farms but it is generally believed to be a nocebo reaction to the presence of wind turbine. The noise level of 10 turbines at 350 metres is 35-45 dbA, in comparison to a standard quiet room being 35 dbA. The main legitimate health issue includes annoyance impact by locals and according to World H ealth Organisation (WHO; 1999) annoyance is an adverse health effect.In terms of the planned wind farm at Botany Bay’s area; designing offshore greatly reduces the sound and visual impact; Being far out enough to have no shadow flicker to no effect. Also located in such an urban area sound from city is found to offset the noise level of the wind turbines (Ion Paraschivoiu). Recreational fishing in Botany Bay is a large attraction to Botany Bay with commercial fishing currently banned. Several artificial reefs were construction in 2006 to help fish habitats.With the potential of more artificial reefs from the wind farms; marine wildlife will look to prosper; however building of offshore wind farms will pose safety issues to fishing in the area. Closing fishing areas closest to the wind farms may be necessary to provide proper safety; which will most likely irritate local fishermen. Environmental and Social impact of off shore wind farms cannot be taken lightly and for closer l ook on such effects proper detailed investigation have to be made on the surrounding wildlife and population of Botany Bay.Bibliography NSW Department of Primary Industries. (2006). Six artificial reefs for Botany Bay. Available: http://www. dpi. nsw. gov. au/archive/news-releases/fishing-and-aquaculture/2006/artificial-reefs-botany-bay Last accessed 12 Oct 2012. Science Daily. (2010). Offshore Wind Power and Wave Energy Devices Create Artificial Reefs. Available: http://www. sciencedaily. com/releases/2010/01/100118132130. htm Last accessed 12 Oct 2012. The Fish Site News Desk. (2010). Offshore Wind Power Creates Artificial Reefs.Available: http://www. thefishsite. com/fishnews/11577/offshore-wind-power-creates-artificial-reefs Last accessed 12 Oct 2012. Hazel Watson. (2010). Shorebirds of Botany bay. Available: http://www. wetrivers. unsw. edu. au/research-projects/shorebirds/shorebirds-of-botany-bay/ Last accessed 12 Oct 2012. The Society for Wind Vigilance. (2010). Annoyance and Wind Turbines. Available: http://www. windvigilance. com/about-adverse-health-effects/annoyance-and-wind-turbines Last accessed 12 Oct 2012.Magnus Johnson. (2009). Fisheries, the environment and offshore wind farms: Location, location, location.. Available:http://www. academia. edu/892929/Fisheries_the_environment_and_offshore_wind_farms_Location_location_location Last accessed 12 Oct 2012. Sustainable Development Commission (United Kingdom) (SDC), (2005): Wind Power in the UK: A guide to the key issues surrounding onshore wind power development in the UK, Government of the United Kingdom, England.Available at: http://www. sdcommission. org. uk/ World Health Organization (2004): Energy, sustainable development and health. Background document for the Fourth Ministerial Conference on Environment and Health, 23-25 June 2004, Geneva. Rogers A, Manwell J & Wright S. (2006): Wind Turbine Acoustic Noise. Renewable Energy Research Laboratory, University of Massachusetts at Amherst. Wind Tu rbine Design: With Emphasis on Darrieus Concept by Ion Paraschivoiu